To increase the width of a basic crochet fabric, 2 or more stitches must be worked into 1 stitch at the point specified in the project instructions.
Double crochet, half double crochet, treble crochet, and longer stitches are all increased in the same manner.
There is no specific abbreviation for a crochet increase. Patterns will usually give instructions similar to “2 dc in the next dc”, to indicate you will work two double crochet stitches in the next double crochet stitch, and thereby increase.